Esophageal motility disorder is a relatively complex and newly discovered pathological lesion. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of the disease is facing many difficulties.

The most common symptoms of esophageal motility disorder (EMD) include difficulty swallowing and chest pain. However, to evaluate the criteria, it is necessary to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, barium esophagography and esophageal manometry.

Esophageal motility disorders (EMD) represent a diverse group of conditions that alter the normal movement and movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. The most common symptoms include difficulty swallowing and chest pain. Difficult to distinguish from other common diseases such as coronary artery disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and malignancy.

In this review, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and presentation of most common esophageal motility disorders (EMD) will be covered. Achalasia is the best described disorder in the group and its features will be highlighted. As diagnostic and therapeutic options for esophageal motility disorders are increasing, a multimodal approach is required and referral to gastroenterology or surgery is recommended for further management of these disorders.

Therapy for esophageal motility disorders initially focuses on the condition of the pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter. If the pressure is elevated, medical or surgical treatment is needed to reduce the pressure. In spastic motor disorders (jackhammer esophagus, type III achalasia, esophageal spasm), treatment may also focus on relaxing the esophageal muscle.

Esophageal motility disorders are complex and include many contributing factors. This is considered a gastrointestinal lesion in 30% of the population. Patients suffer a lot of difficulties and affect their quality of life.

It has been noted that the diseased esophagus associated with healthy controls is home to a bacterial population unusually rich in gram-negative species. Insights into the esophageal microbiome could help guide further analysis of new therapeutic tools.

The esophagus functions to carry food from the mouth to the stomach, where digestion begins. Efficient esophageal transit requires a coordinated, sequential pattern of peristaltic movements to push food down from above and clear refluxed acid and bile from below. Disruption of this highly coordinated muscular movement is called esophageal dysmotility.