Post-surgery nutrition is quite important for patients. After undergoing surgery, the body is weakened. In order for the surgical treatment to be effective, the patient needs to recover quickly after the procedure. So, what types of food should patients consume after surgery to achieve optimal treatment results? This article will provide additional information about these foods.
1. Metabolism and the role of nutrition after surgery
During surgery, patients often lose a significant amount of blood, body fluids, and may even experience postoperative stress. Therefore, patients need to recover quickly, and nutrition plays a crucial role during this period. Proper nutritional intake helps the surgical wound heal faster, while also aiding in infection prevention and promoting overall recovery.
Depending on the type of surgery, patients will be nourished in different ways. For patients who do not undergo interventions on the digestive tract, such as laparoscopic surgery, biopsy, or appendectomy, intravenous nutrition may be administered only on the first day after surgery, and the patient can start consuming milk or porridge the day after surgery. Once the patient begins to pass gas, they can gradually return to normal eating, gradually increasing both the quantity and consistency of food. However, it is important to continue providing easily digestible and absorbable foods during this phase.
In cases where the patient undergoes surgery involving the digestive tract, such as gastric resection, esophageal reconstruction, or colorectal surgery, intravenous nutrition will be used after surgery. When the patient starts passing gas, they can begin consuming porridge or milk in gradually increasing amounts, while simultaneously reducing intravenous fluids.
Metabolic stages in the body after surgery:
- Stage 1 (1 to 2 days after surgery): During this stage, the body is still affected by the anesthesia, causing an elevated body temperature, and the metabolism requires more nitrogen and potassium. If potassium and nitrogen are not balanced at this stage, it may lead to intestinal paralysis, causing the patient to feel fatigued and bloated.
In this phase, the main focus is on replenishing electrolytes, glucose, and the energy needed for nourishment. The patient will receive intravenous glucose and electrolytes. It is especially important not to give the patient too much water if they show signs of severe bloating. If the surgery did not involve the digestive system, the patient can be given sugar water or fruit juice, 50ml every hour. - Stage 2 (3 to 5 days after surgery): By this time, the patient's bowel movements typically return to normal, and the patient may begin to pass gas. The patient also feels more alert and may feel hungry, although they may still be reluctant to eat.
During this stage, food intake should be gradually increased, and intravenous fluids should be reduced. The patient should have increased energy and protein intake. Initially, the energy intake should be around 500 kcal with 30 grams of protein, and every 1 to 2 days, the intake can be increased by 250 to 500 kcal until the patient reaches 2000 kcal/day. The patient should consume milk mixed with porridge, and the best type of milk is skimmed milk powder or soy milk. The patient should have 4 to 6 meals per day. If the patient cannot consume milk, meat broth can be used. The patient should eat soft foods that are rich in micronutrients, and fiber intake should be limited. - Recovery phase after 6 days post-surgery: By this stage, the patient can resume normal urination and defecation. Furthermore, the potassium levels in the blood gradually return to normal, and the surgical wound has dried and healed. The patient feels hungrier, and caregivers can gradually increase the amount of food given to help the patient recover more quickly.
At this stage, when the wound is healed, the patient needs to be provided with sufficient energy and protein to gain weight quickly and promote faster wound healing. The patient can be given 5 to 6 meals per day. Early enteral nutrition should be administered safely to help stimulate the digestive system to return to normal function.
2. Types of foods to consume after surgery to help patients recover quickly
2.1. Fiber-rich foods
Fiber plays an important role in preventing constipation, which is a common complication that often occurs after surgery. Constipation not only causes discomfort for the patient but can also increase pain and potentially lead to readmission to the hospital. Instead of giving the patient fiber supplements, it is better to modify the diet to help the body absorb more natural fiber. Although fiber supplements are effective, fresh foods tend to work better in preventing constipation when combined with adequate daily water intake.
Some foods that are good sources of fiber include:
- Whole grain bread: Whole grain breads are typically made from whole grains, which have a darker color compared to white bread made from refined flour. White bread has a very low fiber content due to the refining process.
- Whole grains: Foods like corn and oatmeal are rich in fiber and beneficial for patients recovering after surgery. However, if you have undergone intestinal surgery, it’s important to consult your doctor to see if these foods should be included in your recovery diet.
- Fruits: Fruits provide a variety of fiber and vitamins. However, the side effect of fruits may occur if consumed in excess, leading to more gas production than usual.
- Excessive gas can cause frequent flatulence, and you may want to reduce the amount of fruit consumed for 1 to 2 days. If you feel bloated or experience increased stomach pressure or cramping, you should decrease fruit intake or consult a doctor for advice on medications to reduce bloating.
- Vegetables: Vegetables are an excellent source of fiber and can be prepared in various ways to suit the patient’s needs.
2.2. Protein-rich foods
Protein helps promote wound healing in the body, and it is especially important during the surgical recovery process. This is because protein aids in repairing damaged body tissues and forming antibodies to fight infection. Furthermore, protein helps synthesize collagen, which is essential for the healing of surgical wounds. Providing 120 to 150 grams of protein per day is recommended for patients recovering after surgery. The meals should be divided into smaller portions, typically 5 to 6 meals.
Lean protein is found in meats such as chicken, turkey, pork, and seafood, including fish. However, red meat is not recommended during the recovery phase as it contains a high level of saturated fat, which may cause constipation for the patient.
In addition to animal-based protein sources, patients can also consume plant-based protein, such as nuts, tofu, or plant-based foods that are fortified with protein.
For patients recovering from surgery, consuming milk to provide protein may lead to constipation, so it should be consumed in moderation.
Moreover, some foods not only provide protein but also help reduce pain and inflammation after surgery, such as: small fish like salmon, tuna, sardines; nuts like walnuts, almonds, peanuts; oils such as canola oil, olive oil, soybean oil; flaxseed powder and oil; soy products; onions, garlic, leafy greens; dark-colored fruits; and turmeric, which is commonly used both in cooking and as a supplement.
2.3. Foods that supplement micronutrients
- Vitamin A helps stimulate the immune response in the body. Vitamin A is abundant in foods such as carrots, leafy greens, red bell peppers, and sweet potatoes.
- Vitamin C is essential for the speed and ability of wound healing in patients.
- Additionally, vitamin C helps form collagen in bones, cartilage, and muscles. Foods rich in vitamin C include tomatoes, oranges, strawberries, and broccoli.
- Vitamin D is crucial for the body to form and maintain bone structure. Food sources rich in vitamin D include egg yolks, salmon, tuna, or exposure to sunlight for about 10 minutes once a day, two times a week.
- Calcium is an essential mineral for bones and also plays a role in soft tissue repair, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. Milk and dairy products are very rich in calcium, and leafy greens also provide a significant amount of this nutrient.
- Zinc is involved in the early regeneration of collagen and helps accelerate the wound healing process in post-surgical patients. Foods high in zinc include oysters, lean meats, fish, poultry, and various legumes.
2.4. Dairy products
Milk and dairy products provide a rich source of protein, which is especially beneficial for patients after surgery. However, for some patients, consuming milk may lead to constipation or, in some cases, increased secretion in the lungs. Therefore, if the patient suffers from chronic cough, it may be advisable to avoid these products for a short period of time.
For patients who can consume milk without experiencing any of the above issues, it is recommended to use low-fat milk, such as skimmed milk, or low-fat yogurt and cheese.
In addition to these beneficial foods that can help supplement nutrition for faster recovery after surgery, patients should also be mindful of avoiding certain foods that could negatively impact the recovery process.
After surgery, patients often experience constipation, an unwanted side effect caused by opioid pain relievers, which slow down bowel movement. As mentioned earlier, in addition to foods that can help alleviate constipation, patients should avoid consuming the following foods, as they may contribute to further constipation:
- Dry or fried foods, or dehydrated foods such as dried fruits, jerky, or chips. However, dried plums help alleviate constipation.
- Processed or refined foods such as white bread, white rice, snacks, pastries, or foods high in salt.
Patients may find it difficult to eat after surgery due to a loss of appetite. However, this is quite normal and can improve after a few days. The important thing is that patients should still receive adequate nutrition from food during the recovery period to help the body heal. Both patients and caregivers should consult with a doctor to develop a proper nutritional care plan.
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