Blood viscosity is determined by red blood cells and protein components in plasma. Measuring blood viscosity is highly valuable in assessing thrombotic disorders.

Urine is a critical waste-producing fluid that reflects the body's metabolic processes since it contains a variety of waste products. Analyzing urine test markers has significance for measuring organ function, identifying diseases, and monitoring treatment. These include diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, ketosis, urinary tract infections, and liver, kidney, and bile duct problems. It also helps detect hematuria and other pregnancy-related problems early on.

The complement system consists of more than 20 different serum proteins that contribute to the body’s defense through various pathways. C3 and C4 are the two main components of the complement system and are used to assess its function and role in immune responses, infections, and autoimmune diseases.