Congenital immunodeficiency is a congenital defect or deficiency of a component of the immune system. Children with this disease often suffer from difficult-to-treat infections, causing many dangerous complications if not treated early. So what are the signs of this disease?

Zinc is an essential trace element for all living things. In humans, growth and development are closely dependent on zinc. The nervous, reproductive and immune systems are particularly affected by zinc deficiency, as well as by zinc excess. So how complex is the relationship between zinc and the immune system?

T lymphocytes (or T cells) are a type of white blood cell belonging to the lymphocyte lineage, which plays an important role in the body's immune response. T lymphocytes originate from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and mature in the thymus. This article will discuss the development of T lymphocytes in the thymus and the classification of T lymphocytes.

Helper T cells were discovered in 1966 by a group of scientists at the University of Colorado in the United States. Helper T cells (or CD4+ T cells) are lymphoid cells originating from the bone marrow, differentiated and matured in the thymus. After maturity, they will migrate to peripheral tissues, lymph nodes or circulate in the peripheral blood.

The appearance of a cytokine storm in patients infected with Covid-19 is a typical example of acute pneumonia provoking a cytokine storm that releases these active substances into the circulatory system and makes the patient's condition more critical.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a layer of cells that covers blood vessels in the brain and regulates the entry of molecules from the blood into the brain. Increased permeability, or the degree to which molecules leak across the blood-brain barrier, is observed in a number of cognitive disorders and has deleterious effects on the nervous system; therefore, understanding the regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability is important for developing better therapies for such disorders."

Blood is an extremely valuable fluid in the human body. Each blood cell has many different roles and functions. Blood not only helps provide nutrients and oxygen to living cells but also participates in fighting infections as well as healing injuries in the body.

The immune system plays an important role in fighting infections and diseases to keep the body healthy. However, with age, this "defense barrier" tends to weaken, making the elderly susceptible to diseases such as colds, flu, infections... with more frequency. So how to increase the body's immunity as we age?

T cells (or T lymphocytes) play an extremely important role in the human body's immune response system. This type of cell is developed from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, which then mature in the thymus. The process to activate T cells will go through different stages as well as different pathways. So how are T cells activated?