This is an automatically translated article.
The article is written by a doctor of Biochemistry, Laboratory Department - Vinmec Ha Long International General Hospital.
The adrenal glands are two small masses located face down above the kidneys that secrete several important hormones involved in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolytes, and blood sugar. Although adrenal gland disease is rare, it needs to be detected early and treated promptly to avoid affecting life as well as quality of life.
1. What is the adrenal gland?
The mechanism of hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla
Tuyến thượng thận
2. Endocrine pathology of the adrenal gland
The adrenal cortex and medulla have many different physiological functions due to the secretion of hormones of each region. When hyperandrogenism or hypothyroidism causes distinct clinical and biochemical abnormalities, which can be arranged as follows:
2.1. Diseases related to the adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex insufficiency: Addison's disease Adrenal hyperplasia: + Metabolic type: Cushing's disease, Conn's disease
+ Hypercortisolism of the adrenal cortex
2.2 . Diseases related to the adrenal medulla Adrenal insufficiency: There is no information on the pathology of adrenal medullary insufficiency. Hyperadrenocorticism (Phrocromocytom- is a type of neuroendocrine tumor): causes increased secretion of catecholamines (usually adrenaline and/or noradrenaline, rarely, dopamine) causing severe and dangerous hypertension. Can be fatal if not diagnosed or treated incorrectly.
Cường tủy thượng thận
2.3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited disease, manifested by a disorder in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones. The primary cause is a mutation in the CYP21A2 gene that leads to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which is characterized by an increase in the 17-OH progesterone intermediate (17-OHP) and the end product of the synthesis pathways. Adrenal hormones aldosterone and cortisol decrease, androgens increase.
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