Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries significant morbidity and mortality and remains one of the most difficult malignancies to treat. Individual patient and tumor factors need to be taken into account to provide an optimal, personalized approach. In this review, we highlight established and novel biomarkers that have the potential to be used as prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and some that may be used to guide treatment decisions.

Surgery is an important intervention and offers a chance for cure for cancer patients. However, whether the postoperative period for cancer increases the risk of disease development or the formation of new metastases remains unclear.