A rectal-bladder fistula is an abnormality between the rectum and the bladder. Gas and stool from the rectum will leak into the bladder, whereas urine will flow through the anal opening. For treatment, the patient will need surgery to close the rectal-bladder fistula.

Cystoscopy is currently one of the most commonly used methods in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract diseases. This technique requires highly skilled doctors to achieve the most accurate diagnosis.

Bladder tumors account for the highest rate of urinary tract cancers. If not treated properly, bladder tumors can completely recur. Laparoscopic surgery is an effective method to remove recurrent bladder tumors.

Urine in healthy people has a mild smell. However, for some reason, urine becomes dark and has a foul smell, especially in women. It can be due to the smell of food, or it can be a sign of illness.

JJ catheter (sonde, catheter) is a specialized medical device in medicine, often prescribed by urologists for use in some special diseases.