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The ABO blood group system is characterized by the presence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group test is necessary during the treatment and prevention of the patient's treatment.1. What is the ABO blood group system?
When studying blood cells, scientists have found agglutination between red blood cells when mixing some blood samples from one person with another. Aggregation occurs due to the presence of an antigen on red blood cells and an antibody present in the serum.
On the surface of red blood cells there are some specific proteins called antigens, while plasma contains antibodies, which will attack some other antigens on the surface of the red blood cells if they are present . There are many different types of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (about 30 types), however, in which blood group classification, the ABO system and the Rhesus (Rh) system are the most important.
Each person inherits a genetic blood type, this will not change throughout development and adulthood.
ABO blood group system is characterized by the appearance of antigens A, B on the surface of red blood cells and 4 blood groups including: group A, B, AB and O:
Blood group A: There are antigens on the surface of red blood cells type A and also have anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Blood group B: The surface of red blood cells has type B antigens and there are anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Blood group AB: There are 2 antigens type A and B on the surface of red blood cells, there is no anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody in the plasma. Blood group O: There are no type A antigens or type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells and there are anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Currently, medicine relies on the appearance of antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the blood plasma to detect blood group, through agglutination reaction with sample serum or red blood cells.
2. ABO . blood group testing procedure
Procedure for ABO blood group testing includes the following steps:
Preparation:
Performer: Doctor, technician of hematology department. Specimen: Need 2ml of whole blood without anticoagulation, 1ml of whole blood with anticoagulation. Equipment: Centrifuge, serum samples (anti A, anti B, anti AB), red blood cells, glass rods, specimen tubes, gloves, 0.9% NaCl. Procedures:
Centrifuge the blood tubes without anticoagulant at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes. Extract the patient's serum. Wash the patient's red blood cells 3 times with 0.9% NaCl and then make a 5% suspension. Method 1: Direct ABO blood group test using serum samples:
Put 1 drop of 5% blood in each tube into 3 test tubes (containing the patient's red blood cells) prepared above. Numbered from 1 to 3. In turn, put the sample serum including anti A, anti B and anti AB into each test tube in order from 1 to 3. Each test tube gives a different type of sera. Centrifuge at 1000 rpm and read the results. Read results: Blood group A: 2 tubes containing anti A and anti AB have agglutination reactions, tubes containing anti B have no antiagglutination. Blood group B: 2 tubes containing anti B and anti AB have agglutination reactions, tubes containing anti A have no antiagglutination. Blood group AB: agglutination reaction in all 3 test tubes. Blood group O: No agglutination reaction in any test tube. Method 2: Testing ABO blood group by indirect method using red blood cells sample:
Put 1 drop in 3 test tubes each containing the patient's serum prepared above. Numbered from 1 to 3. Put 1 drop of red blood cell sample A in test tube 1, 1 drop red blood cell sample B into test tube 2, test tube 3 does not give red blood sample. Centrifuge at 1000 rpm and read the results. Verification of the results: Blood group A: The tube containing the sample B red blood cells has agglutination reaction and the tube containing the sample A red blood cell has no antiagglutination reaction. Blood group B: Tube containing sample A red blood cells with agglutination reaction and tube containing sample B red blood cell without antiagglutination. Blood group AB: No agglutination reaction in both test tubes. Blood group O: There is agglutination reaction in both test tubes.
Xét nghiệm nhóm máu hệ ABO là cần thiết trong điều trị và dự phòng điều trị cho người bệnh
3. Meaning of ABO blood group test
The implementation of ABO blood group testing is necessary in the treatment and prevention of patients. Determining blood type helps medical procedures go faster when needed, some important meanings of ABO blood group testing include:
When blood transfusion is needed: When blood loss, anemia, standardization If you have had surgery or a procedure that causes a lot of blood loss, an ABO blood group test first will help prevent the transfusion of blood from causing a agglutination reaction that is harmful to the body. Necessary when donating blood : Help classify and process for transfusion for patients in need. Donating organs or organs to another person: To ensure that the donated organ or body part is compatible with the recipient, the corresponding blood type is appropriate. Helps determine bloodline: Antibodies on red blood cells are inherited, so blood group testing, although not confirming the blood relationship between the two subjects, still has a certain meaning. The ABO blood group test process is relatively simple and fast, helping each person to identify their own blood group. This helps to speed up the healing process in case of an emergency.
Currently, the Department of Hematology (Blood Complete Blood Test) - Vinmec International General Hospital is one of the leading prestigious addresses in the country, trusted by a large number of patients for examination and treatment. diseases in general and blood group testing in particular. Thanks to the use of modern machines and equipment to check and analyze blood, it has provided accurate information on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin,... Overall assessment of the health status of the person being tested, early detection of the disease and suggestions for timely treatment. In particular, with a space designed according to 5-star hotel standards, Vinmec guarantees to bring patients the most comfort, friendliness and peace of mind when visiting and receiving treatment at the hospital.
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