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Congenital heart disease is known to be the most common type of birth defect, occurring in nearly 1% of live births. Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of infant mortality among other birth defects. So what are the causes of congenital heart defects and how are they classified?
1. What is congenital heart disease?
Congenital heart disease is defined as an abnormality in the structure of the heart and large blood vessels from birth. This disease affects between 0.3 and 1% of newborns. There are many complex diseases that can cause children to die soon after birth, a few survive into adulthood.
2. Causes of congenital heart defects
Currently, congenital heart defects do not have clear causes, but it is recognized that there are many factors that cause defects, there are 2 main groups: genetics and environmental factors. , usually these factors work together:
X-rays, radiation. Genetic factors. Chemistry. Viral infections (especially Rubella, influenza) and bacterial infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus. Drugs: Hormones, antibiotics, Sulfamides, anticancer drugs, antiepileptic drugs, immunosuppressants.
3. Classification of congenital heart disease
There are many ways to classify congenital heart disease :
Classification is based on anatomy. Clinical classification. Classification based on embryology. Of the classifications, clinical-based is most often used because of its ease of application and convenience.
3.1. Congenital heart disease without cyanosis and no flow Abnormalities originating from the left side of the heart (from proximal to distal)
Atrial inlet obstruction: Pulmonary venous stenosis, three-chambered heart (Cor - triatriatum) , mitral valve stenosis. Mitral regurgitation: Atrioventricular canal, left coronary artery originates from pulmonary artery, ventricular-macro and atrioventricular incompatibility, some other malformations (lack of ligaments, congenital heart valve perforation, abnormally short ligament, bifurcation of posterior leaflet). There is primary endocardial fibroelastosis. Aortic stenosis: Narrowing at the valve, stenosis below the valve, stenosis above the valve. Aortic valve regurgitation. Coarctation of the aorta. Abnormalities originating in the right side of the heart (proximal to distal)
Ebstein disease . Pulmonary stenosis: stenosis at the funnel, stenosis below the funnel, stenosis supravalvular (narrowing in the trunk of the pulmonary artery and its branches), stenosis at the valve. Congenital pulmonary valve regurgitation Primary pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary artery dilatation has no cause. 3.2. Congenital heart disease without cyanosis and with a shunt Flow in the atrioventricular layer
Atrial septal defect: secondary, primary, coronary sinus venous sinus. There is an abnormal connection in the partial pulmonary vein. Atrial septal defect is accompanied by narrowing of the mitral valve. Ventricular flow in the ventricular level
Ventricular septal defect: funnel area, peri-membrane, receiving chamber, trabecular region. Ventricular septal defect is associated with aortic regurgitation. Ventricular septal defect with right atrial-left ventricular septal defect. Flow between the right side of the heart and the aorta
Fistula in the coronary artery. Valsalva aneurysm rupture. The left coronary artery originates from the kidney of the pulmonary artery. Flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
The bronchopulmonary window (also known as the aorta-pulmonary fistula). And ductus arteriosus (with persistence of ductus arteriosus). Flow through one floor
Atrioventricular - ventricular channel. 3.3. Congenital heart disease with cyanosis There is increased pulmonary circulation
Transposition of the great arteries. Right ventricle with 2 outflow tracts (taussig-bing pattern). Arterial trunk. There is an abnormal complete anastomosis of the pulmonary veins. Solitary ventricle with low pulmonary vascular resistance and no pulmonary stenosis. Common ear. Tetralogy of Fallot with no pulmonary valve orifice accompanied by increased collateral circulation. Without tricuspid valve with large ventricular septal defect.
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