Basic principles of anesthesia for valvular heart disease

This is an automatically translated article.

Posted by Master, Doctor Ho Thi Xuan Nga - Anesthesiologist - Cardiovascular Center - Vinmec Central Park International General Hospital

Heart valves help direct blood flow into and out of the heart. Therefore, when there is a problem with the heart valve, it seriously affects the heart and overall health. The correct implementation of basic principles when anesthetizing patients with valvular heart disease will bring good prognosis and limit complications after anesthesia.

1. Overview of valvular anesthesia

An overview of anesthesia in patients with valvular regurgitation is as follows:

1.1 Loading fee

Total blood volume is increased to maintain efficient systemic flow, due to mass loss posteriorly between the ventricles and the atria (T). Blood volume decreases in proportion to systemic flow more than the regurgitated fraction, because atrioventricular valve leaks "steal" volume in the low-pressure system of the left atrium. Tolerability with hypovolemia is low and preload should be kept normal to high.

1.2 Afterload

The ventricle (T) acts as a chamber with two retrograde volume escape routes directly related to contractile function, the RAS must therefore be completely low. Vasodilation is required (isoflurane, nitroprusside, phentolamine).

1.3 Contraction ability

It must be kept high to ensure presystolic flow. Therefore, low systolic function should be suspected and only inotropic agents with no alpha effect (dobutamine, isoprenaline, amrinone, milrinone) should be used. In difficult cases, aortic balloon counterpulsation is very effective in providing ventricular (T) support, reducing mitral regurgitation, and improving coronary perfusion.

1.4 Heart rate

It must be maintained high because bradycardia increases filling time and ventricular volume, hence the risk of acute ventricular dilatation (T). Since mitral regurgitation occurs during systole, the frequency variation does not change its duration much. Maintaining sinus rhythm is important as long as the atria (T) are not dilated much.

1.5 Pulmonary Arterial Resistance

Pulmonary hypertension is frequent but generally moderate; pulmonary vascular system is hyper-reactive; Avoid any pulmonary vasoconstriction (hypoxia, hypercarbia, acidosis, N2O) and maintain ventilation for a pH of 7.5 and a PaCO of 32-35 mmhg.

1.6 Positive pressure ventilation

It improves left-sided flow to the extent that right-sided venous return is still well guaranteed. The emptying of the lung to the atrium (T) is accelerated, the anterior mitral flow increases, and the atrial conduction pressure decreases; reduce ventricular (T) load effectively.

2. Basic principles of anesthesia for valvular stenosis

2.1 Preload

It must be high to ensure sufficient transmural gradient, but the pulmonary vascular bed is inelastic and is chronically overloaded. In cases of hypovolemia or increased venous return (Trendelenburg position) there is a risk of acute pulmonary edema. Hypovolemia is very poorly tolerated because reduced mitral flow is associated with a decrease in atrial pressure (T) and cannot be compensated for by tachycardia.

2.2 Afterload

Systemic vascular resistance should be kept high to compensate for the reduced systolic volume, the contractile function of the ventricles (T) is usually preserved, supporting a later increase in load, and at the same time avoiding any adverse events. any blood vessel dilation. Alpha vasopressors are the best way to maintain systemic pressure during surgery.

2.3 Contraction ability

Ventricular function (T) is preserved, but posterior function has no preload reserve; systolic volume is low and fixed. Beta-catecholamines are used only in relation to an excessive decrease in cardiac output (decrease in SvO2), they are not beneficial for the ventricles (T) for two reasons:
Tachycardia reduces ventricular filling (T) Increases Cardiac output increases the pressure gradient across the mitral and atrial (T) valves. The ventricle (P) is dilated and thickened depending on the degree of pulmonary hypertension, which is impaired in severe pulmonary hypertension. Accordingly, the ventricle (P) benefits the most when using inotropic drugs.

2.4 Heart rate

It is essential to remain low to allow very slow ventricular filling.

2.5 Pulmonary artery pressure

Pre-capillary (arterial vasoconstriction) and post-capillary (venous hypertension) pulmonary hypertension. The risk of arterial vasoconstriction is increased in the presence of hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis or N20; Hyperventilation (PetCO2 30 mmhg) is desirable, avoiding high ventilation pressures so as not to increase ventricular afterload (P). Pulmonary vasodilators are indicated based on ventricular failure (P).

2.6 Positive pressure ventilation

It is very beneficial for left-sided flow because venous return to the right heart is still well ensured and ventricular (P) is not impaired. Positive-pressure ventilation increases atrial return (T), reduces atrial infusion pressure, and improves perfusion flow by reducing blood stasis.
The correct implementation of basic principles when anesthetizing patients with valvular heart disease will bring good prognosis and limit complications after anesthesia.
Vinmec International General Hospital is one of the hospitals that strictly applies safe surgical anesthesia practice standards according to international guidelines. With a team of experienced anesthesiologists and nurses, along with modern equipment such as nerve detectors, ultrasound machines, Karl Storz difficult airway control system, anesthesia monitoring system GE's comprehensive AoA (Adequate of Anesthesia) including monitoring of anesthesia, pain and muscle relaxation will deliver high quality and safety, helping patients to have adequate anesthesia, not awake, no residual relaxant muscle after surgery. Vinmec Health System is also proud to be the first hospital in Vietnam to sign with the World Anesthesiology Association (WFSA) towards the goal of becoming the safest hospital for surgical anesthesia in Southeast Asia.

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