Among the factors causing infertility, male factors account for 30-40%, which can come from psychological problems such as erectile dysfunction, inability to ejaculate and diseases of the spermatogenesis system such as inflammation, mechanical or genetic abnormalities. With the advancement of science and technology today, testicular surgery to find sperm is one of the popular infertility treatments, providing the opportunity to become a father for many cases of male infertility.

Surgical sperm retrieval is performed in cases of azoospermia, meaning no sperm is found in the semen after at least two ejaculations at least 4 weeks apart. These cases are technically called azoospermia.