A favorable fetal position will help the birth process go smoothly. However, not all pregnant mothers are lucky enough to have a favorable fetal position. Breech and shoulder fetal positions put pregnant mothers at high risk of cesarean section.

Flat head syndrome is a common condition in newborns, characterized by an asymmetrical head, with the back or side of the head appearing flat or deformed.

Fetal presentation is the part of the fetus that presents itself in front of the plane that passes through the mother's pelvis so that the fetus will enter and progress according to its mechanism and come out. Most fetuses will enter labor in the vertex presentation when the baby's head is well bowed. However, a few other cases have abnormal fetal presentation and need to be clearly understood so that the delivery can be smooth and safe for both mother and baby.