This article is professionally consulted by Dr. Nguyen Thi Minh Tuyet - Obstetrics and Gynecology Department - Vinmec Central Park International Hospital.
The perineum is the area of tissue located between the vagina and the anus. Though it might not seem essential, this part of the body plays a critical role during childbirth. Below are five key points women should know about the perineum to better understand this essential part of their anatomy.
1. Where is the perineum located?
The perineum is a physiological structure in the female body that plays a vital role in sexual intercourse, sperm reception, and nurturing a fetus. It is the soft tissue located between the anus and the vagina, measuring approximately 3–5 cm in length. Unlike male reproductive organs, which are external, female reproductive organs are hidden beneath the upper thighs.
2. Structure of the perineum
The perineum consists of soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments that close off the bottom of the pelvic cavity. Its structure is divided into three layers: the deep, middle, and superficial layers. Each layer comprises muscles wrapped in its own fascia.
- Deep layer: Includes the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, surrounded by two fascial layers of the deep perineum.
- Middle layer: Contains the deep transverse perineal muscle and the external urethral sphincter, both located in the anterior perineum and enclosed by two fascial layers.
- Superficial layer: Includes five muscles (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, external anal sphincter, and constrictor of the vaginal orifice). The external anal sphincter is situated in the posterior perineum, while the other four muscles are in the anterior perineum.
3.Function of the perineum
The perineum, as part of the reproductive system, supports and protects pelvic organs such as the uterus, vagina, rectum, and bladder. It facilitates sexual intercourse, sperm reception, and reproductive functions.
During childbirth, the perineum is especially significant as it stretches to allow the baby to pass through.
If the perineum does not stretch adequately—particularly in first-time mothers whose perineal tissues are more rigid—it may tear or sustain injuries. These injuries not only affect appearance but may also reduce sexual satisfaction, causing pain, discomfort, and decreased libido. Some women may experience emotional distress or anxiety, potentially affecting marital harmony.
4. Why is an Episiotomy Performed During Childbirth?
In many cases of vaginal delivery, an episiotomy (a small incision in the perineum) is performed when necessary. During natural labor, the female genital area gradually stretches to allow the baby to exit. However, the perineum has its limits, particularly when the baby has a large head or is overweight, or if the perineum is less elastic, the mother has a vaginal infection, or uterine contractions are not enough.
To address these challenges, doctors or midwives may perform a minor incision in the perineum to help the baby be delivered more easily and prevent severe perineal tearing. An intentional incision is easier to suture and produces a more aesthetically pleasing result compared to a spontaneous tear.
However, for mothers who have an easier delivery or smaller babies, this procedure may not be necessary.
5. Perineal Aesthetic Procedures
Childbirth, aging, and time can significantly impact the condition of the perineum. As a result, many women opt for modern perineal aesthetic procedures to rejuvenate this area, restore physiological function, and enhance intimate satisfaction.
These procedures not only improve the appearance and color of the perineum but also address women’ physiological function.
Nowadays, perineal aesthetics is considered the most effective solution for postpartum women to maintain marital happiness. This is a simple procedure which is performed under local anesthesia to ensure minimal discomfort. It not only addresses aesthetic concerns but also enhances elasticity without affecting the physiological functions of the female body or the surrounding organs.
There are many hospitals and clinics offering perineal aesthetic services, but it is essential to choose reputable facilities to ensure safety and effectiveness.
The perineum is a vital part of a woman’s body, contributing significantly to personal health and family well-being. This article highlights five key facts about the perineum to foster a better understanding of its importance and provide guidance on proper care to prevent complications and support overall health.
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