Inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal microbiota

Posted by Doctor Mai Vien Phuong - Department of Medical Examination & Internal Medicine - Vinmec Central Park International General Hospital.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which has been listed by the World Health Organization as one of the most intractable, includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and shows a continuing prevalence increase.

Although genetic, epigenetic, immunological, microbial and environmental factors are implicated in the etiology of IBD, no single factor has been identified as a clear and direct cause of Inflammatory Disease bowel IBD. It is a generally accepted view that the gut microbiota is influenced by environmental factors (e.g., diet, medications, smoking, and pollutants) that further influence immune response. host translation, which contributes to the emergence and development of IBD. Thus, it is clear that the gut microbiome exhibits an association between environmental factors and immune responses. Recent studies have found that gut microbiota deficiency in childhood affects the maturation and tolerance of the gut immune system, thereby increasing the risk of IBD in adulthood.
In addition, defects in some pattern recognition receptor genes, such as number-like receptor genes and nodular receptor genes, lead to innate immune disorders, which can eventually lead to reduced host tolerance to gut microbiota. Therefore, a healthy gut microbiome is important for gut health.

It has been confirmed that the gut is rich in microorganisms, including gut bacteria (99.1% of the gut microbiota), archaea (the remainder), as well as only 0.1% fungi and viruses.
The total number of microorganisms present is more than 10 times the total number of human cells. The gut microbiota was dominated by phyla bacteria Firmicutes (49%-76%) and Bacteroidetes (16%-23%), while others had less bacterial phyla. The main fungal microbiota in the gut are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. The gut virome consists of all nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) mapped to the viral genome from stool samples or virus-like particles derived from stool samples.
For enteric viromes, eukaryotic viruses, pathogenic bacteria and viruses present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that the gut microbiota composition is significantly altered in IBD patients compared with healthy individuals. Thus, the regulation of the dysregulated gut microbiota may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD.
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