Fecal transplantation technique (FMT) is the transfer of fecal microorganisms from healthy donors to individuals with certain diseases, through technical methods such as douching, nasal cannula- gastric or nasojejunal, and oral capsules.

A recent multicenter study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease at a rate of cured equal to the general population.

Inflammatory bowel disease has a complex pathogenesis, including interactions between the immune system, gut microbiota, and genetic factors. These three components are influenced by a number of environmental factors, which may bring the balance to an immune-mediated proinflammatory state in the gut and certain extraintestinal tissues.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), listed by the World Health Organization as one of the most difficult diseases to treat, includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and shows a continuously increasing incidence.

This article reviews the most recent evidence on direct or indirect interventions targeting the gut microbiota for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to overcome current limitations of IBD therapies and shed light on personalized treatment options.