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ADH hormone is a polypeptide hormone of the posterior pituitary gland, which has a direct anti-diuretic effect, so it is called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The hormone ADH also constricts peripheral blood vessels and causes contraction of the smooth muscles of the intestines, gallbladder, and bladder. Therefore, the drug has a hemostatic effect and stimulates intestinal motility.
1. Function of the hormone ADH
ADH or antidiuretic hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. The hormone ADH controls how much water is reabsorbed in the liver.
When injecting a very small amount (2 milligram) of hormone ADH has an anti-urine effect in the kidneys. In the absence of the hormone ADH, the renal tubules almost lose their permeability to water, leading to a sudden decrease in the ability of the tubules to reabsorb water, causing a sudden increase in urine output. In the presence of the hormone ADH, the permeability of the renal tubules increases causing water to be reabsorbed and the amount of water in the body increases.
The mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone can be understood as follows: The hormone ADH binds with receptors in the renal tubular epithelial cells to stimulate the cells to synthesize large amounts of cAMP. The cAMP acts on the cell membrane on the lumen of the renal tubule to open the slits, allowing water to enter the cell from the lumen. However, the mechanism of action of cAMP to open clefts in the cell membrane is still unknown.
The primary physiological role of the hormone ADH is to maintain serum osmolality within the normal range. The hormone ADH makes urine relatively concentrated by increasing tubular water reabsorption. In the renal tubules, the hormone ADH stimulates adenylcyclase activity, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic AMP increases water permeability at the lumen of the distal tubule and collecting duct, resulting in increased urine osmolality and decreased urine flow. The antidiuretic effect of vasopressin can retain up to 90% of the water that would otherwise be excreted in the urine.
Nếu có quá ít hormone ADH hoặc thận không đáp ứng với ADH thì quá nhiều nước sẽ bị mất qua thận, nước tiểu sẽ loãng hơn bình thường và máu trở nên bị cô đặc hơn
The hormone ADH increases the production of ACTH in the pituitary gland, ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to increase the production of cortisol, so antidiuretic hormone is also used in the test to induce cortisol production in the adrenal gland.
Many conditions, disorders, and some medications can affect both the amount of ADH hormone secreted or the kidney's response to ADH. The deficiency and excess of the hormone ADH can cause acute and chronic symptoms, which can sometimes be life-threatening.
If there is too little ADH hormone or the kidneys do not respond to ADH too much water is lost through the kidneys, the urine becomes thinner than usual and the blood becomes more concentrated. This can cause extreme thirst, frequent urination, dehydration and – if not enough rehydration is made, sodium in the blood increases.
If there is too much of the hormone ADH, water will be retained, blood volume will increase, and the patient may experience nausea, headaches, disorientation, lethargy and low sodium in the blood.
Trắc nghiệm: Tìm hiểu về “bí mật” của các Hormone
Hormone hầu như quyết định tới toàn bộ các chức năng quan trọng của cơ thể. Nó “làm việc” miệt mài để phát tín hiệu và điều hòa sự hoạt động của các cơ quan trong cơ thể, mô cũng như tế bào nhất định. Để hiểu hơn về vai trò cũng như cách thức các hormone tác động lên cơ thể, bạn có thể làm bài trắc nghiệm sau đây.
Nguồn tham khảo: webmd.com
2. Antidiuretic hormone test
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) test is used to diagnose and determine the cause of the deficiency or excess of antidiuretic hormone. However, this test is not common. Diagnosis of these conditions is often based on clinical symptoms and other tests such as blood and urine osmolality, electrolyte testing. The increase in serum osmolality or decrease in intravascular blood volume stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone. Stress, surgery, or excessive anxiety can also stimulate the release of the hormone ADH. The more ADH hormone is released, the more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys. Too much water will be reabsorbed into the bloodstream and cause the urine to thicken. When the hormone ADH decreases, the body expels water, causing the blood to thicken and dilute the urine.
Physicians use the ADH blocking test to distinguish syndromes of inappropriate ADH secretion from other causes of hyponatremia or edematous conditions. This test is commonly used with urine osmolality and urine osmolality. Patients with syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion will either not excrete or excrete very little water intake. Furthermore, the urinary osmolality will never be lower than 100, and the urinary osmolality/blood ratio will be higher than 100. Patients with other causes of hyponatremia, edema, and chronic kidney disease will excrete 80% of the water ingested and will have a moderate urinary osmolality.
Xét nghiệm độ thẩm thấu máu và thẩm thấu nước tiểu, xét nghiệm điện giải đồ là những kỹ thuật có thể được dùng trong Xét nghiệm hormon chống bài niệu (ADH)
ADH test results alone are not a diagnosis of a specific medical condition. ADH hormone levels are usually evaluated along with a patient's medical history, physical examination, and results of other laboratory tests. Excess and deficiency of the hormone ADH can be temporary or prolonged, acute or chronic and can be caused by an underlying disease, an infection, a genetic disease, or surgery or brain injury. .
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