What is a DNA vaccine?

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The most common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, whole inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and attenuated vaccines. Up to now, along with advances in recombinant DNA technology, in genomics, virology and molecular immunology, it has had a great impact, opening the direction of application in the production of next-generation vaccines. new. Many vaccine design strategies have been studied and applied in the process of infectious disease prevention and control, in which DNA vaccines show promising promise in new generation vaccines.

1. A brief overview of the mechanism and prospects of DNA vaccines

For more than 100 years, vaccine manufacturers have focused on only two purposes, either creating a live attenuated agent (a pathogen that is alive but weakened or completely incapacitated). pathogens) have the ability to multiply in the user's body to stimulate an immune response without the user getting sick, or to find the right antigen to which the immune system will respond.
Recently, a breakthrough vaccine research direction has been developed. It is the direct injection of a plasmid containing the DNA sequence coding for the antigen (which induces the desired immune response) into a suitable tissue, so that the immune response to the target antigen will be initiated at the target antigen. place. This research direction has revealed many advantages over the traditional way of making vaccines, including initiating the response of both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, improving stability and reliability. for vaccines, ensure safety (because the vaccine does not contain any disease-causing agents), and ensure low costs when produced in large quantities.
To test the principle and effectiveness of the DNA vaccine , animal immune response tests have been carried out with the genetic material (genes) of various pathogens, such as influenza viruses , hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), rabies virus, lymphocytic chorio-meningitis virus (LCMV), malaria and mycoplasma parasites . Some initial success has been seen when test animals have been immunized against the pathogen. However, the value and advantages of DNA vaccines still have to be evaluated through many stages, many different trials, and the availability of DNA vaccines depends on the nature of the pathogen to be protected against. , the nature of the antigen used and the type of necessary immune response desired.

The field of DNA vaccine research is evolving at a tremendous rate. Vaccines being researched and manufactured currently not only use DNA but also study intermediates that are responsible for helping to bring DNA into cells, directing DNA to target cells, or acts as a component in the initiation and object-directed stimulation of the immune response. After all, the distinction between a complex DNA vaccine and a simple transmission vector can be ambiguous, and many aspects of the immune response induced by DNA vaccines remain poorly understood. . However, those problems have not hindered the progress of the DNA vaccine for human use, and in fact the first clinical trials have already begun.
Based on current actual progress, it is likely that the first DNA vaccine to be approved for commercialization will be one that uses plasmid DNA obtained from bacterial cells. In the future, other vaccines may use RNA or nucleic acid molecular complexes or the like. Specific recommendations for the manufacture and control of plasmid DNA-based vaccines for human use have been made. The purpose of these recommendations is to guide:
Appropriate methods for the production and control of vaccines based on plasmid DNA. Specific information required in meeting the manufacturer's specification for a national control regulation for application authorization for clinical trial and advertising.

Because the development and application of nucleic acid vaccines is happening very rapidly, management needs to be flexible to keep pace with best practices gained from production and use. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide a scientific basis for the production and control of DNA vaccines for human use, ensuring consistency in safety and efficacy. force. Countries can refer to the recommendations that have been made to develop their own DNA vaccine standards.
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Articles refer to sources: vaccines.gov, who.int