This is an automatically translated article.
Antibiotics, if not used in the right dosage or overused, will cause antibiotic resistance and a number of other side effects, which can make bacteria resistant to the effectiveness of the drug. The rational use of antibiotics is very important.
1. Effects of antibiotics
Antibiotic is one of the substances extracted from fungi, microorganisms and sold semi-synthetic or synthetically. Therefore, antibiotics have the effect of inhibiting the growth of bacteria or killing the disease completely.
Antibiotics will act on a reaction in the growth of bacteria or act on an important site of it, so antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases. In terms of classification, antibiotics are often classified based on their therapeutic effects as follows:
Antibacterial antibiotics: Antibacterial antibiotics can inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing dysfunction. plasma membrane or inhibit protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis; Antifungal antibiotics; Anti-cancer antibiotics.
Thuốc kháng sinh nếu không sử dụng đúng liều lượng hoặc lạm dụng kháng sinh thì sẽ gây ra tình trạng kháng kháng sinh
2. Principles of rational use of antibiotics
Antibiotics, if not used in the correct dosage or overused, will cause antibiotic resistance and a number of other side effects. Antibiotic resistance is a dangerous condition, because it can make bacteria resistant to the treatment effect of the drug, change or partially reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics, bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment. will be able to multiply and pass on characteristics to the next generation, leading to an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Consequences are more severe disease, frequent recurrence, long recovery time, high treatment methods and costs. In particular, when antibiotic resistance has no alternative treatment, it will affect the patient's life. Therefore, in order to limit the consequences of overusing antibiotics, it is necessary to pay attention to the following principles of reasonable antibiotic use:
Use antibiotics only when suffering from bacterial diseases Accordingly, one of the The cause of the overuse of antibiotics in Vietnam is the use of antibiotics when it is not known whether the exact cause of the disease is bacteria or virus. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when doctors have test results and examination results caused by bacteria. Absolutely do not use antibiotics if the causative agent is caused by viruses such as influenza, measles ... or due to weakness, allergies...
Choosing the right antibiotic and dosage When using antibiotics, it is necessary to use antibiotics. Depends on the factors of the patient and the causative agent (bacteria). About the causative agent is what type of bacteria, the site of infection as well as the sensitivity of that type of bacteria to antibiotics. As for the patient factor, it is necessary to consider age (because the pharmacokinetics and dosage of antibiotics used for infants, young children and the elderly will be different); liver - kidney function or immunocompromised state and history of drug allergy of the patient... Especially, for pregnant and lactating women, it is necessary to consider the benefits and harms when using antibiotics.
Choosing the way to use antibiotics A principle of using antibiotics in treatment is based on the degree of infection as well as the location of the infection in the patient. There are 3 routes of antibiotic use, which are injectable antibiotics, oral antibiotics and topical antibiotics.
In case of mild infection, oral antibiotics should be used. However, because oral antibiotics are economically advantageous, they are often considered in the treatment of severe infections. For hospitalized patients, priority should be given to parenteral antibiotics, and then, if possible, to oral antibiotics. In addition, in cases where a high concentration of antibiotics is required in the blood, parenteral antibiotics should be used.
As for the use of topical antibiotics, it should be limited, because topical antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance or allergies for drug users. Use topical antibiotics if there is an eye infection, and for skin infections, an antiseptic should be used.
Selection of antibiotic time In the matter of rational use of antibiotics, the selection of antibiotic time is a principle of antibiotic use in treatment to limit antibiotic resistance and side effects. of the drug. Normally, the normal infection cases, the duration of antibiotic treatment is 7-10 days.
However, the duration of treatment depends on the patient's condition, location of infection and resistance. For example, in cases of severe infections such as meningitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis, antibiotic treatment will last for many months.
Number of times of antibiotic use To use antibiotics rationally, it is necessary to divide the antibiotic dose. The dose division of antibiotics will be based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Important factors in determining antibiotic dosing are the duration of administration (macrolide, clindamycine, glycopeptide, linezonide); The bactericidal effect of antibiotics is based on concentration (amyloglycoside, Daptomycine) and drug with post-antibiotic effect PAE (Aminoglycoside, Fluroquinolone)
Reasonable use of prophylactic antibiotics If prophylactic antibiotics are not used appropriately Overuse of antibiotics can lead to superinfection and drug resistance. Therefore, prophylactic antibiotics should only be used when superinfection is caused by surgical intervention, dental procedures, or in endemic areas.
Combination of antibiotics when absolutely necessary One of the reasons leading to the overuse of antibiotics in Vietnam is the combination of antibiotics when not really necessary. For common infections, only antibiotics specific for that type of bacteria are needed.
Antibiotics should only be combined in cases such as treatment of endocarditis, Brucellosis, tuberculosis or antibiotic combination when the disease is severe without any specific microbiological cause being diagnosed and cannot wait. test results as well as reduced resistance, infection with many different bacteria.
Để sử dụng kháng sinh hợp lý cần thực hiện việc chia liều kháng sinh
3. Some common side effects when using antibiotics
Antibiotics are drugs that have superior effects in people with diseases caused by bacteria, but antibiotics also cause some side effects for users, so do not arbitrarily use antibiotics. when the cause is unknown. Some common side effects of antibiotics include:
Allergy to antibiotics: When using antibiotics, hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the antibiotic or its metabolites may occur. Allergic reactions can be mild such as hives, rash, ... or more severe can cause anaphylaxis. Antibiotics can be toxic to body cells: Antibiotics often have high concentrations, so the drug can be directly toxic to the body cells of the person using the drug. Antibiotics can cause liver-kidney dysfunction: The kidneys and liver are two important organs in the elimination of drugs. However, if antibiotics are used indiscriminately in high doses, it can cause liver and kidney dysfunction. Since then, the ability to eliminate antibiotics of these two parts is significantly reduced, the time of drug retention in the body is prolonged, so it will increase the concentration of the drug and increase the toxicity of the drug. Therefore, the elderly, people with impaired liver and kidney function need to take the drug as prescribed by the doctor to avoid the side effects of the drug. Antibiotics are drugs that treat bacterial infections that need to be used appropriately. However, this is a problem that requires specialized knowledge and qualifications, so the use of antibiotics should be under the guidance and indications of pharmacists, professional doctors, not arbitrarily used indiscriminately. .
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