What tests are needed to diagnose congenital megacolon?

Posted by Doctor Dam Thi Quynh - Pediatrician - Pediatric Center - Vinmec Times City International Hospital

Congenital megacolon is in about 15% of diseases and birth defects requiring surgery in children. The disease can affect any child, both male and female. So what tests should be done to diagnose congenital megacolon?

Congenital megacolon, also known as Hirschsprung or congenital colonic agranulomatosis, is caused by a congenital lack of ganglion cells of the intestinal plexus, with the beginning always starting with the internal sphincter, the diseased segment of the intestine. Causes of frequent contractions and no peristalsis lead to stagnation of stool and gas in the upper bowel, causing this segment of intestine to gradually dilate.
Characteristic of congenital megacolon is difficulty in defecation more and more even when defecation is soft. The disease will cause children to anorexia, slow growth, many cases encounter dangerous complications such as severe enteritis, intestinal obstruction, making it more difficult to care for children with congenital megacolon at this time.

The narrow segment of the colon is the nodal segment, the average length of the non-ganglionic segment is 6-10cm. This length is related to the clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical forms of congenital megacolon are as follows:

The acute form seen in the neonatal period corresponds to the pathological pathology of the nodal segment 15-20cm long. Diagnostic signs similar to those of intestinal obstruction include:
The child is delayed in passing meconium after 24 hours. Vomiting of milk or bile and intestinal juices. The abdomen is distended with collateral circulation and the abdominal skin is distended. butt and abdomen completely flattened. These findings allow clinical diagnosis and require further confirmation by colonoscopy or rectal biopsy. Some infants have very poor symptoms and are only present at 2 or 3 weeks onwards.

Occurs at breast-feeding age corresponding to the average length of the agranuloma (6-10cm). Therefore, children are admitted to the hospital mainly because of constipation and diarrhea alternating with each other and persisting for a long time. In addition, in this form of disease, the child also has the following symptoms:
Abdominal distension with floating bowel loops, palpable stool tumor in the left iliac fossa. Children with growth retardation, anemia, malnutrition. Abdomen with recurrent episodes of semi-obstruction. Rectal examination showed fecal polyps due to stasis. Rectal biopsy and colonoscopy for definitive diagnosis.

Occurs in older children corresponding to a short amygdala length (< 6cm). The child is admitted to the hospital with the following conditions:
Persistent long-standing semi-obstruction. Malnutrition, physical and mental retardation. The abdomen is distended, the stool tumor is very large due to stagnation. History of constipation persisting from birth. X-rays and biopsies for definitive diagnosis.

Unprepared abdominal X-ray shows low bowel obstruction (the bowel loops are most markedly dilated in the sigmoid, left colon, and transverse colon), with absence of pelvic air, in older children. Spotty stools in the pelvic cavity.
Barium-enhanced colonoscopy shows dilated sigmoid colon, atrophied rectum, and medial colon resembling a funnel or pig's tail. In addition, there are other additional images such as colon lengthening, irregular drug absorption in the nodal segment, and drug retention in the colon for more than 24 hours.
Contrast colonoscopy is the basic test to help confirm the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease with an accuracy rate of 85%. This test has no diagnostic value in cases of total colonic agranulomatosis, ultra-short agranulomatosis, or in pediatric patients undergoing colostomy.
Rectal biopsy: no ganglion cells of the intrinsic plexus were seen. Pathological tests give an accuracy rate of 95-100%.
Measurement of rectal - anal balloon pressure: No relaxation of the internal sphincter was found, this test is usually applied only in newborns from day 12 onwards. The accuracy of this method is quite high from 85-100%.

Thorough treatment of Hirschsprung's disease is mainly surgical resection of the lymph node and re-establishment of gastrointestinal circulation on the basis of respecting the anatomical structure to ensure the function of defecation, urination and genital function later. .

Treatment is mainly care:
Enema 2 times a day with warm isotonic saline mixed with oil and large enough pine (16 or 18), combined with instructions for family members to be able to perform the operation at home for a long time. long after discharge. Diet rich in nutrients and laxatives. Follow up monthly to assess the effectiveness of treatment. If internal treatment does not work, an colostomy must be performed. A colostomy in the following situations:
When the neonatal bowel obstruction is evident and the contrast-enhanced colonoscopy shows the length of the narrow passage beyond the sigmoid colon on radiographs: enema will not be effective. When complications of the disease occur: small bowel inflammation, sepsis, intestinal perforation.

In the classics, the authors choose an age of over 1 year or a weight of 10kg or more. With advancements in the field of anesthesia and pediatric surgery, the age of surgery has been lowered to less than 6 months or earlier.
Surgical methods include 4 common methods:
Swenson method: Removal of the entire nodal segment. Connect the healthy colon to the anal canal at a distance of 0.5-2cm from the anal margin. Duhamel method: Leaving a non-ganglionic rectal balloon. Connect the healthy colon to the anal canal in the posterior wall above the dentate line. Soave method: Leaving part of the rectal bulb without lymph nodes, removing the entire mucosa, leaving only the sigmoid duct of the rectum. The healthy lower colon passes through the sphincter and connects to the anal canal above the dentate line. Rehbein and State method: Apply as in Resection anterieure surgery, connecting the healthy colon and rectum about 5cm from the anal margin.

Recently, along with the development of laparoscopic surgery, most hospitals have deployed and applied it in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease with very good results. Therefore, when a child shows signs of delayed meconium excretion (> 24 hours), regurgitation of yellow fluid, abdominal distension, prolonged constipation, delayed physical and mental development, the child should be taken to a specialized medical facility. clinic for the most thorough examination and treatment.
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