Levodopa is the gold standard of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. It is given in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) to reduce its peripheral breakdown and to reduce nausea. Levodopa is particularly effective in treating akinesia and rigidity, and has a fluctuating effect in treating tremor. Clinical studies suggest that levodopa treatment does not worsen disease progression.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and by the presence of Lewy bodies in the brainstem. Motor symptoms become apparent when 60% to 80% of the dopaminergic neurons are lost in the substantia nigra.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, and disabling disease characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. It affects millions of people worldwide and is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease.

Parkinson's disease remains a clinical diagnosis. Asymmetric symptoms including resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity that respond well to dopaminergic therapy suggest the diagnosis.

The premotor, motor, and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are described in the article below.

There are many treatment options available for Parkinson's disease. Treatment options must target both motor and non-motor symptoms. Management may vary depending on the severity and duration of the disease.

People with Parkinson's disease most likely will see a neurologist or movement disorder specialist for treatment. Health care professionals must pay attention to both the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease.