When gastroesophageal reflux disease appears, digesting food in the stomach and acid will come back to the esophageal, nasopharynx, and mouth causing halitosis. Therefore, halitosis is a common symptom in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients.

Hand, foot and mouth disease is a fairly common illness in the community, particularly with children being the group with the highest infection rate. Children with hand, foot and mouth disease, if not properly treated and cared for, will be at risk of periodontal superinfection