Peripapillary diverticula are often closely associated with the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, and their removal can be a risky procedure. Fortunately, they usually have a wide neck. These diverticula are asymptomatic in themselves, but if they are adjacent to a large duodenal papilla, they can interfere with the hepatopancreatic ampulla, especially if the diverticula are located on the bare side of the duodenal papilla, making catheter placement difficult (a contributing factor to catheter failure) or prone to perforation during endoscopic sphincterotomy.

Pancreatic carcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most difficult malignancies to treat. Individual patient and tumor factors need to be taken into account to provide an optimal, individualized approach. In this article, biomarkers for pancreatic cancer prognosis and some can be used to guide treatment decisions.

The RON receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK; also known as MST1R) was first identified in 1993 in a cDNA library from human epithelial cells. RON belongs to the c-MET family of proto-oncogenes. This RTK family has only two members, RON and Met, with only 34% similarity overall; however, the tyrosine kinase regions of the receptors were quite similar at 80% similarity.