Esinophilic esophagitis is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the esophagus characterized by marked eosinophilic infiltration in response to type 2 (Th2) T helper cells. Factors such as genetics, environment, allergens, and gut microbiota have been identified as contributors to chronic disease.

The study of the gut microbiome has gradually changed the understanding of esophageal disease. Analysis of intestinal microbiota imbalance will provide more detailed information on the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis, sequelae and other related diseases.

The application of artificial intelligence in Barrett's esophagus dysplasia and early esophageal adenocarcinoma has always been evaluated to bring high efficiency in diagnosis. As a result, the treatment becomes more precise and effective. Abbreviation: EC: Esophageal cancer AI: artificial intelligence Barrett esophagus (BE)

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and originates from the epithelium of the esophageal mucosa. It has been confirmed that early esophageal cancer lesions can be cured by endoscopic therapy, and the treatment effect is equivalent to that of surgery. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosing esophageal cancer.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosing esophageal cancer. The accuracy of endoscopy results largely depends on the expertise of the examiner. Artificial intelligence (AI) applied in early screening for esophageal cancer has shown advantages. Remarkably, it is more accurate than less experienced endoscopists. This paper evaluates the application of artificial intelligence in the field of endoscopic early detection of esophageal cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and describes related advances.