Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is a disease characterized by the presence of monoclonal proteins or M proteins in the patient's blood. These are abnormal proteins that originate from white blood cells residing in the bone marrow, also known as plasma. Some cases of patients with Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance can progress to malignancy such as leukemia.

Tumor markers are used to help detect, diagnose, and monitor treatment for some types of cancer. The beta-2 microglobulin test can be used as an oncological marker in multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma, and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This test can also be used as a biomarker in the assessment of renal filtration and reabsorption dysfunction.

Spinal tuberculosis is also known as tuberculous osteomyelitis. This is a form of disease caused by tuberculosis bacteria outside the lungs and is the most common form of tuberculosis in the musculoskeletal system. So at what age does the disease usually occur and what is the most effective treatment today?